Building Finance And Operate For Procuring A Major Public...

The basis of Design Build Finance and Operate for procuring a major public sector project For the past twenty years, as stated by Gil (2013) , the new way by which the rapid demand of the public in terms of social vertical and horizontal infrastructures are manage is generally referred to as the Public Private Partnership (PPP). As also mentioned by HM Treasury (2008), all services under the public which are to be executed by means of the Public Private Partner system are of the guarantee to be implemented to the satisfaction of the client with the idea that all risks related issues are passed over by the client to sector who organizes and effectively controls them (HM Treasury, 2008). Consequently, PPIAF (2011) explains that over one hundred nations around the globe have utilized the PPP scheme to implement public service projects. Alshawi (2009) confirmed Private Finance Initiative (PFI) or Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) as another category of PPP which the public sector uses to transfer services of the public to a private sector for a substantial time perio d. He also emphasises that the rationale for the Design, Build, Finance, and Operate procurement method used worldwide by the public sector was due to the fact that the private entity uses its finances and expertises and as well as the innovation used in designing and managing facilities and infrastructure projects owned by the state. He further classified the limited budgetary allocations for those nationsShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Construction Industry On The Uk Economy1027 Words   |  5 PagesSector introduction: Balfour Beatty Plc operates in the heavy construction sub sector of the FTSE 250. This sector is particularly interesting given the effect recession has had on this sector and the ongoing developments in the industry. 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Types of Attitude Free Essays

An individual may have a number of attitudes regarding different aspects of life, but the field of OB focuses only on the study of job-related attitudes. OB specifically focuses on three attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment Job satisfaction In the field of OB, job satisfaction is one of the most important and widely studied attitudes. Job satisfaction refers to an individual’s general attitude towards his or her job. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Attitude or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been described by Edwin A. Locke as the pleasurable or positive emotional state that results when an individual evaluates his job or job experience. Job satisfaction results when an individual perceives that his job provides him with what is important to him. The three important dimensions of job satisfaction are provided below: i) Job satisfaction is an emotional response to a job. This response can be inferred but not seen. ii) The job satisfaction that an individual derives from his job depends on the extent to which outcomes meet his expectations.For example, if an employee feels that he is getting more salary and more autonomy in his company than his friends in other organizations, he will have a high level of job satisfaction and a favorable attitude towards his superiors, peers and the work itself. If he feels that his salary and decision-making power is at par with that of his friends, he will experience only moderate job satisfaction; and if he feels that he is getting much less pay and autonomy than his friends, he will experience job dissatisfaction and will develop a negative attitude towards his work and superiors. ii) Job satisfaction reflects other attitudes of employees. Effects of job Satisfaction Research has shown that high job satisfaction has an impact on an employee’s life inside the organization as well as outside the organization. Employees who are highly satisfied with their jobs have low stress levels (and thus have better mental and physical health), have less on-the-job accidents, and have fewer grievances. They also show enthusiasm in learning job-related tasks. Satisfied employees have high morale and help fellow employees, customers and other people in society by undertaking social activities.Thus, we can say that job satisfaction is of value to the overall health and effectiveness of an organization. Job involvement Job involvement is a new concept in the field of OB. It refers to the extent to which a person identifies himself psychologically with his job, actively participates in it, and considers that his performance in the job contributes to his self-worth. Employees who are highly involved with their jobs strongly identify themselves with the kind of work they do and strive to deliver quality work.Research has shown that high levels of job involvement lead to lower absenteeism and employee turnover levels. Organizational commitment Organizational commitment refers to an employee’s satisfaction with a particular organization and its goals. An employee who has a high level of organizational commitment is a strong supporter of the values and goals of the organization, has a strong inclination to continue being a member of the organization, and wants to strive hard to achieve the goals of the organization.The organizational commitment of an employee is affected by a numb er of personal and organizational variables. Personal variables include the employee’s age, his tenure in the organization, and his attitude towards his job. Organizational variables include the job design and the leadership style of the superior. Sometimes, even non-organizational factors may influence an employee’s commitment, such as, the state of the job market and other career options available to the employee. John P. Meyer and Natalie J.Allen developed a three-component model to understand the multidimensional nature of organizational commitment. The three components (or dimensions) of organizational commitment are: i) Affective commitment: This is concerned with the employee’s emotional attachment and involvement with the organization. ii) Continuance commitment: This is influenced by the costs that could accrue to the employee if he leaves the organization. iii) Normative commitment: This refers to the extent to which an employee feels obligated to continue in the organization. Outcomes of job satisfactionFor years, management researchers and practitioners have tried to find out the impact of employee job satisfaction on organizational effectiveness. They wanted to know whether job dissatisfaction would lead to decline in employee output and, consequently, organizational performance. They analyzed the outcomes of job satisfaction by studying the relationship between job satisfaction and various other organizational aspects such as productivity, turnover, absenteeism, etc. Satisfaction and absenteeism Research studies have shown that job satisfaction and absenteeism have an inverse relationship.A high level of job satisfaction leads to low absenteeism and a low level of job satisfaction results in high absenteeism . However, other variables, such as the extent to which people consider their jobs important, also have an impact on absenteeism. A research conducted on state government employees in the US revealed that the employees who felt that their jobs were important took less leave than employees who did not feel that their work was important. The research also revealed that job satisfaction may not necessarily result in low absenteeism, but low job satisfaction will lead to high absenteeism.Satisfaction and productivity Though many people assume that there is a positive relationship between satisfaction and performance, research results have proved that there is no strong relation between satisfaction and productivity. There are other mediating variables like rewards that lead to an increase in productivity. Recent research findings suggest that though satisfaction may not bring about considerable improvement in individual performance, it does result in an overall improvement in organization al performance.Satisfaction and turnover Research has indicated that only a moderate relationship exists between satisfaction and turnover. High job satisfaction will not eliminate employee turnover but will only help reduce the rate of turnover. While job dissatisfaction will encourage employees to switch organizations at the slightest opportunity for better prospects in other organizations, the satisfied employees will consider several aspects before leaving the organization.Job tenure (the number of years an employee has worked in a job in an organization) is another factor that has an impact on turnover. The higher the job tenure of an employee in an organization, the lower the chances of his leaving the organization. An individual’s commitment to the organization also affects the relationship between satisfaction and turnover. Some people are so accustomed to a certain job, colleagues and work environment that they cannot think of working elsewhere.Therefore, they continue to work in the same organization, without being concerned about their level of satisfaction. A country’s economy and the employment scenario also influence turnover. If the economy is booming and there are adequate employment opportunities available, even satisfied employees may leave their organizations and seek better prospects elsewhere. Though turnover, to some extent, benefits organizations by bringing in new talent, a high turnover rate is undesirable because the organization loses in terms of productive time and training costs. How to cite Types of Attitude, Papers

Romeo And Juliet Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet Argumentative Essay William Shakespeare made Romeo and Juliet dramatically effective for both Shakespearean and modern audiences, as exemplified in act 3, scene 5. Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is based on A pair of star-crossed lovers who are descendants of two wealthy families who are wrapped-up in deep rivalry; they are so centred in this rivalry that they fail to realise that their children are in such deep love-a love in which they sacrifice themselves for each other. Shakespeare deliberately weaves in the traditions, norms and values of the time into his plays: this has a dramatic impact on the Shakespearean audience because it makes the play feel realistic; it could also impact, some, Elizabethan audiences by giving them new ideas as to how to improve and re-consider some of their traditions, norms and values. Our myriad-minded Shakespeare . (Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-1834) uses many themes in Romeo and Juliet-his themes include: love, kinship, family, arranged marriage, betrayal/loyalty, patriarchal society, religion and moral decisions. This vast variety of themes are effective because mankind shall always encounter these situations, which means, no matter how many years pass people will always be interested in his work. He was not of an age, but for all time! (Ben Jonson 1573-1637) Shakespeare uses clever use of language; he uses double meanings to show that Juliet is not well. for two reasons. She isnt well because Romeo has been banished and the second meaning is that her cousin has been murdered. In addition, perhaps Juliets face is pale due to shock of nearly being seen with Romeo therefore attempts to obscure the fact by saying is not well. Some audiences may interpret another meaning: she might not well. because of the previous night with Romeo (when they may have had sex) hence her feelings of tiredness. As Lady Capulet enters; I would stage Juliet on the floor, moaning and crying-to emphasise the fact that she is not well. I would also have her body slightly exposed to help show that she has had a sensual encounter; and also it may show devastation-due to the feeling loss of her cousin and husband. To a Shakespearean audience the exposure of Juliets body may have been considered a sin, whereas to a modern audience it would be considered normal and not a big deal-this may be because modern audiences are used to seeing such nudity and in most cases more extreme nudity. Nevertheless it may simply be because Elizabethans were incredibly religious therefore their women were a lot more covered up compared to a modern societys woman-this helped to keep the rape rates lower than they are now. There Shakespeare, on whose forehead climb the crowns o the world; oh, eyes sublime with tears and laughter for all time! (Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1806-1861). For a modern audience-their tears may be caused by the theme: patriarchal society. In the Shakespearean era the dominance was blatantly biased towards males. To a modern audience this would be classed as sexism! When Juliet refuses/disagrees with her mother over marrying Paris-Shakespeare shows us Capulets dominance. Soft! Take me with you, take me with you, wife. How! Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? Is she not proud? Doth she not count her blest, Unworthy as she is, that we have wrought so worthy a gentleman to be her bridegroom? Another theme which links with patriarchal society is arranged marriage; to a Shakespearean audience this was a norm. Mainly, the marriages that took place between wealthy families in the Shakespearean era were economic/wealth-related and beneficial to the families which could be classed as morally wrong to a modern audience. Arranged marriage? Are you joking? This would be the type of response/attitude, towards arranged marriage, given by a modern audience. Capulet shows a sense of confusion: he doesnt understand how his daughter rejected/refused to obey his command. Shakespeare, not only uses confusion to bring the character to life but, uses a sense of anger; the short, abrupt sentences indicate anger and temper-the punctuation also emphasises an escalation of temper. The repetition of me, us and we shows us that Capulet is self-centred and the core reason he wants this marriage to take place is due to the fact that he sees his own benefits-possibly-in the long term. I would have Capulets vocal volume and vocal pace crescendo. This is because it emphasises the escalation of temper and both, Shakespearean and modern, audiences will be sucked in and the anger that Shakespeare gives Capulet will feel genuine and more real to both audiences. The impact on modern and Shakespearean audiences will be that theyll realise that Capulet is really angry-this makes the play feel realistic. .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .postImageUrl , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:hover , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:visited , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:active { border:0!important; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:active , .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043 .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3c36dbf85a235330dffc761c72b3043:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elizabeth's innocence EssayShakespeares magic (John Dryden 1632-1700) consists of 38 plays-most of which are love-related; for example Othello. Unlike Romeo and Juliet- in Othello Shakespeare tells us the story of a middle-class lover who falls in love with a wealthy Venetian Desdemona: Othello is similar to Romeo and Juliet because in both of the plays the lovers marry secretly; the clear contrast that Shakespeare has made between the plays is that Romeo and Juliet kill themselves to be together in heaven (religion was also a key theme, it wasnt a belief-it was a way of living for the Shakespearean people) whereas Othello kills Desdemona due to a misconception. Sonnets are usually love poems. Shakespeare has written 154 sonnets and most of his work is linked with love: perhaps Shakespeare was obsessed with writing about love? Or perhaps he was a lover and saw this as a chance to express his love. He also may have expected a long-term outcome of love and brotherhood within the human race-due to his work. Most modern audiences struggle and strive for international peace-these people may be inspired by Shakespeares recurring theme of love and may want to bring to life the true beauty of love-which is peace. Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet was written as a linear narrative; Shakespeare may have wanted to avoid confusion or misconception instead of writing a juxtaposed narrative. Nevertheless, writing linear narratives may have been interesting for him. This beautifully constructed linear narrative encourages audience engagement due to the intense moments of the play, for example when the play begins there is an outrageous brawl between the two wealthy families and in other parts of the play the audience is given a chance to catch their breath: when the tension is lower for example when Romeo and Juliet initially meet each other. Shakespeare does make Act 3, Scene 5 dramatically effective for both Shakespearean and modern audiences. Diverse souled Shakespeare. (John Dryden 1631-1700) has used many dramatic techniques and styles in his superb work of art: Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare takes us on a roller-coaster ride with his extraordinary themes and his unique style of writing does prickle our nerves-frequently; for example the creation of Juliets double meanings and the prophecies of death and his clever use of language which all add up to conclude this horrific, charming and delightful: Romeo and Juliet.